One of the significant impacts of the climate crisis is the funds required to protect the vulnerable and restore the devastation that occurred due to natural disasters. Since the two are highly challenging tasks, a dramatic amount of money is needed to protect the affected and restore the damage.
The UN Secretary-General recently emphasised the need to contribute vast sums of money by the developed nations towards the unprivileged and vulnerable sections of the world. Read more
The effects of global warming are fast reaching their tipping point as the catastrophic climate crisis is happening rapidly and with greater intensity than anticipated.
With the world getting hotter by more than 1.2-degree celsius than the pre-industrial levels, temperatures continue to rise despite pledges made by the nations to hold the increase in temperature by 1.5-degree celsius. Read more
Scientists warn the world ‘is heading in the wrong direction amid the rise of all three Greenhouse Gases, namely nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane.
The WMO found the most significant year-on-year jump in methane concentration in 2020-2021 since the systematic measurements began almost 40 years ago.
As long as these cases continue to rise, there will be a steep rise in temperatures globally, disrupting the everyday lives of everyone. Read more
A recent report by the UN environment agency found that there is ‘no credible way to 1.5-degree celsius in place’ and the world needs fast actions amid “woefully inadequate” progress on cutting carbon emissions and limiting the worst impacts of the climate crisis is a “rapid transformation of societies”. Read more
The wind carries a chilly, spooky breeze reminding us that Halloween is around the corner. A thrilling holiday for many of us; each year, we look forward to stuffing our bags with goodies while spooking our families and friends away with our terrifying Halloween costumes and decorations.
Everything from paper bag dresses to realistic zombies and homes with spooky stickers to monsters… Halloween witnesses it all! Besides the spooky decorations, the costumes and the goodies, there is a spooky impact on the environment that we tend to ignore.
As the day’s inch closer to Halloween, we all invest money, time and effort into creating our best Halloween, looking forward to each year’s new decorations and spooky costumes; without considering the impacts of being afraid of more than just the costumes. However, the spookiest thing about Halloween is not Halloween itself but what we purchase during Halloween and what we do with the same after all the fun. Some of the most significant and worrying issues regarding Halloween are the plastic waste and environmental pollution the holiday contributes to the ecosystem.
The amount of garbage and waste produced after those spooky decorations have severe and scary consequences for our natural environment. For instance, plastic waste is Halloween’s most significant pollution issue. Plastics are found in Halloween wigs, cosmetics applied, toys, candy wrappers, bins and many other products and items used to decorate and celebrate the holiday.
An investigation in 2016 by “The Hubbub Foundation“,- a charity campaigning for the environment, discovered that polluting oil-based plastic accounts for nearly 83% of the material used by nineteen supermarkets and retailers, namely: Aldi, Argos, Asos, Amazon, Boden, John Lewis, M&S, Next, and Tesco, which ultimately ends in landfills. The foundation discovered that approximately seven million costumes, equivalent to 83 million bottles, were thrown away. Hence, going homemade for the costume might be a better option, but if one plans to buy an outfit, one must ask for “PVC-free” or “phthalate-free” materials as these chemicals are toxic and can be hidden in the costumes.
Similar to plastics, makeup consumption skyrockets during Halloween, becoming the second most harmful ingredient to the horror story of unsustainable Halloween. A 2009 report from the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics found that face paints for children contain a small amount of lead, ranging from 0.05 to 0.65 parts per million. Some colours might also include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, or mercury, which can cause skin issues such as sensitization and contact dermatitis. Sierra Club, an environmental organization, created a list of eco-friendly cosmetics that do not damage the skin or the environment. Further, fake skin and face paint recipes are made with natural food colouring and fruit or vegetable-based dyes, contributing towards sustainability.
Apart from the toxic costumes and the makeup, decorations also contribute to the unsustainable effects of Halloween. Decorations bought from stores are usually made from cheap and non-recyclable materials, such as plastics. Plastic plates, utensils, and cups are an intrinsic part of Halloween parties; however, the harsh fact is that these plastic plates and utensils will not decompose and will take thousands of years before they wear off from the planet. Moreover, decorative candles and tea lights contain petroleum-based paraffin that releases harmful environmental chemicals.
Millions of pounds are spent on pumpkins every night and will be dumped after the party. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the United States yields about 1.4 billion pounds of pumpkins yearly, ending in trash bins after Halloween. Once a pumpkin is put onto a porch, it uses multiple resources and fertilizers to grow it. In addition, pumpkins are a food type and disposing of them after Halloween night contributes to food waste. To reduce pumpkin waste, it is essential that we compost them, slice up the flesh for soup or muffins, bake the seeds, or blend them into a facial exfoliant instead of throwing them away. The pumpkins on the porch are edible, and it is essential to reuse them creatively.
Candies are an essential element of Halloween parties, but are these candies a sustainable form of treats?… think twice! The goodies and the candies are made from Palm oil, which essentially is not a sustainable source. According to NationSwell, which aims to address the world’s challenges, palm oil is “cheap to ship and produce” and emits greenhouse gases which can cause deforestation by burning forests for palm oil plantations. Such candies that are wrapped individually end up being in water polluting the water bodies and adding up to the already alarming pollution levels. These wrappers contribute highly to the floating debris in the water bodies, making them hazardous to the ecosystem.
Halloween is spooky and must stay the same for everyone enjoying the fall festival; it must be safe for those participating in the holiday but also for the environment and the planet. To ensure that we all act as responsible consumers, we must aim to purchase products that contribute towards a sustainable festival, not one that spreads pollution and waste. So, how can we make Halloween a green Halloween this year and contribute to waste or the landfills? Here are some ideas:
1. Conscious Wardrobe
Dress up conscious; we must look for inspiration within the wardrobe and create a costume from old clothes. Additionally, we can use environmentally sustainable materials. To remain sustainable and a conscious nature lover, donating old clothes to someone that can use the same in an alternative solution that can be adopted.
2. Sustainable Decorations
DIY decorations from old clothes or spooky stuff at home are a great way to deviate from plastic decorations and are muchly sustainable. Buying second-hand decoration materials or decorating from sustainable materials are some options that we can all choose and move away from the use of plastics.
3. Sustainable Party
Throwing a Halloween party can be considered highly hazardous due to the use of plastics and non-recyclable materials. However, serving in non-plastic cutlery is one way to avoid plastic usage. Furthermore, donating old stuff that can be used by someone else is an excellent means to put a curb on plastic pollution. Lastly, dump the containers at a recycling plant that can recycle the same and reduce the burden on landfills and marine bodies.
4. Sustainable Food
Often we see a considerable amount of food wasted yearly during parties. The problem can be solved by cooking at home, thus, reducing packing material wastage. Additionally, sharing the food with those who cannot cook it themselves is a great way to reduce food waste and dump it.
5. Sustainable Pumpkins
Halloween and Pumpkins go hand in hand; however, the same gets wasted and dumped after the party gets over. Using pumpkins judiciously is necessary to curb landfills and stop pollution from food wastage. Sharing the seeds with birds and wildlife, cutting the pumpkin in half and scooping the innards to fill the seeds, donating the pumpkin, composting or replanting the same for the future are some ways to reduce pumpkin wastage and addition to the landfills.
There can be several creative ways that we all can think off and make our Halloween sustainable, Eco-friendly and innovative. How much we want to make it sustainable remains to be seen.
A report by the United in Science 2022, chances to avoid worst effects of climate crisis are fast slipping away from human kind. The report further explains that the world has very bleak future to curb the climate crisis; and that it is not a far off problem but the climate change is here, its happening and we need to act smart and act now to restore whatever little is left in our hands… Read more
North American water bodies are fast drying up due to droughts and decreases in precipitation levels.
According to experts, a consolidated approach to mitigate climate change and better water management and conservation policies is crucial to reduce the damage caused due to extreme climate events. Read more
The harsh and negative climate impacts are a significant cause for violating fundamental human rights like the right to life, clean air, clean water etc.
A top UN official expressed concern over the growing climate crisis calling human-induced climate change the “most pervasive threat” to the world, particularly the poorest of countries that are paying the heaviest price… Read more
The Denman ice shelf in east Antarctica is melting at 70.8 bn tonnes per year due to the ingress of warm seawater. The development worries the researchers since the glacier in remote east Antarctica sits atop the deepest land canyon on Earth. Read more
EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Radiation is an example of energy moving through the air as rays or particles. Dust, powder, and liquid are some materials to which radiation can cling. These substances can potentially develop radioactivity, which means that they emit radiation.
Nearly every day, one comes into contact with or is exposed to small radiation doses. This radiation is produced by manufactured and natural sources, such as the sun’s rays (like microwave ovens and medical X-rays); however, these radiations do not impact negatively.
Nevertheless, radiation events, like a nuclear power plant catastrophe, could expose anyone to higher, riskier doses. Precautions must be taken depending on the radiation type to safeguard human health and the environment from the effects of radiation while enabling us to reap the benefits of many applications.
What is Radiation?
Energy, known as radiation, travels from one location to another through waves or particles. However, the energy that emanates from a source and moves through space at lightning speed is radiation. The above said energy has wave-like qualities and is accompanied by an electric field and a magnetic field. Radiation may also be referred to as electromagnetic waves.
Radiation can take the form of light or heat. Because it has sufficient energy to knock an electron out of an atom, the type of radiation covered on this website is known as ionizing radiation. These atoms release extra energy or mass from radiation to achieve stability. The two types of radiation are particulate and electromagnetic (like light) (i.e., group given off with the energy of motion).
Some examples of electromagnetic radiation include X-rays and gamma radiation; some examples of particle radiation include beta and alpha radiation. However, another source of ionizing radiation is equipment like X-ray machines.
Radiation exposure is referred to as irradiation. When the whole or a portion of the body is exposed to radiation from the source, irradiation occurs. Humans are not radioactive after radiation exposure.
Effects of Radiation
Exposure to very high radiation levels, such as being close to an atomic blast, can cause acute health effects such as skin burns and acute radiation syndrome (“radiation sickness”). It can also result in long-term health effects such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Exposure to low levels of radiation in the environment does not cause immediate health effects but is a minor contributor to our overall cancer risk. Let us understand the impact of radiation on the following:
· The Environment
· The Human Body
· A Pregnant Woman
The Environment
The environment comes in second to people regarding the likelihood of harm being experienced. This is primarily because a nuclear power plant requires a high concentration of radiation to operate, and it is well-recognized that these facilities release much radiation that is hazardous to human health. These power plants have the potential to malfunction or even have accidents, which would be extremely harmful to both people and the environment.
Having to understand the fact environment is secondary to a human, I chose to talk about it first since it is the environment in which we all live and survive.
Other radiation types, such as those released after an atomic or hydrogen bomb explosion, are highly hazardous to the environment. Because of such radiation, the immediate area is destroyed, resulting in everything in its path being burned by the intense heat of thermal radiation, including people, trees, and buildings.
Animals, both domestic and wild, and agricultural plants, can become contaminated by dust made of dangerously broken atoms that are highly radioactive. Scientists can estimate the environmental impact of minor nuclear conflicts due to various areas’ development. An actual example of the above is the radiation produced at Chornobyl, which is equal to nearly a dozen atomic bombs being detonated at a height that would result in the most significant degree of blast damage.
At Chornobyl, a fire that burned for ten days emitted significant quantities of the radioactive particles iodine-131 and caesium 137 into the atmosphere. Living things are particularly vulnerable to the dangers of these isotopes. Atomic bomb blast sites can release radioactive particles that can travel to nearby waterbodies contaminating marine life. Additionally, berries and other plant life in the vicinity and woodlands would become contaminated due to the explosion of several atomic bombs.
The generations of animals and people that followed pollution would likewise experience genetic alterations and sickness. For instance, according to scientists, Chornobyl’s forests have high concentrations of radioactive caesium in their wildlife, which will remain the same for many years.
The Human Body
Exposure to various radiation sources specifically affects particular body parts. The potential adverse effects of radiation exposure on health depend on several variables, such as:
The quantity of the dose (amount of energy deposited in the body)
The radiation’s capacity to damage human tissue.
Affected organ systems.
Numerous exposure mechanisms might lead to internal or exterior radiation exposure, i.e., a radionuclide enters the bloodstream when inhaled, consumed, or comes into contact with the body (for example, by injection or through wounds). Thus, the internal exposure ends radionuclide is expelled from the body, either naturally (via faeces, for example) or as a result of medical intervention.
When airborne radioactive material (such as dust, liquid, or aerosols) is deposited on skin or clothing, external exposure may result. This kind of radioactive substance is frequently washable off the body. Irradiation from an external source, such as medical radiation exposure via X-rays, can also lead to ionizing radiation exposure. External irradiation ceases when the radiation source is protected, or the subject passes outside the radiation field.
The effects of radiation on the human body include effects on:
· Hair
Radiation exposure of 200 rems or more results in rapid and clump-like hair loss, thus damaging the hair.
· Brain
Brain cells do not divide; unless the exposure is 5,000 or higher, they will not be directly harmed. Radiation damages small blood vessels and nerve cells, like the heart, and can result in seizures and immediate death.
· Thyroid
Exposure to various radiation sources impacts some body areas more than others. Radioactive iodine can potentially harm the thyroid gland, and radioactive iodine can entirely or partially damage the thyroid when used in high doses. The effects of exposure can be lessened by taking potassium iodide.
· Blood System
The blood’s lymphocyte cell count will decrease after exposure to about 100 rems, making the subject more vulnerable to infection. This condition is frequently called mild radiation sickness. If a blood test is not done, the early signs of radiation sickness may go unrecognized since they resemble flu symptoms.
· Heart
Small blood arteries would suffer instantaneous damage from intense radiation exposure between 1,000 and 5,000 rems, resulting in heart failure and death.
· Gastrointestinal Tract
Nausea, bloody vomiting, and diarrhoea are symptoms of digestive tract lining damage by radiation. When the victim is exposed for 200 rems or longer, this happens. The radiation destroys the body’s quickly dividing cells, which damages the DNA and RNA of the remaining cells, including blood, GI tract, reproductive, and hair cells.
· Reproductive Tract
Rem levels as low as 200 can cause harm to the reproductive tract since its cells divide quickly. Some radiation illness patients will eventually become sterile.
Effects on Pregnant Woman
Most radiation exposures that a pregnant woman can experience, like diagnostic medical exams or work exposures within legal limits, are unlikely to impact the fetus negatively. However, unintentional or deliberate disclosure that exceeds legal limits may be of concern. The risk of radiation exposure to the unborn child will depend on the following factors:
The radiation dose: smaller doses (amounts) are safe
The fetus’s age: the further along in pregnancy a woman is, the better
The location of the radiation exposure: tests on the abdomen or pelvis or where the radiation is carried in one’s blood pose a higher risk than other tests.
The effects of radiation on pregnancy include:
· Malformations
During the organogenesis stage of early pregnancy, the chance of abnormalities increases (2 to 8 weeks). The threshold for potential prenatal radiation damage in a fetus under 16 weeks of gestation is roughly 0.10 to 0.20 Gy (100 to 200 mg, 10 to 20 rads). After 16 weeks of pregnancy, the threshold is substantially higher, at least 0.50 to 0.70 Gy (500 to 700 mg, 50 to 70 rads). The fetus is resistant to the teratogenic effects of ionizing radiation beyond 20 to 25 weeks of gestation or late in the second trimester.
· Growth Restriction
A lasting physical development restriction was seen in follow-up data from atomic bomb survivors as radiation exposure increased, particularly over 1 Gy. The same was especially clear when the exposure occurred in the first trimester. At age 18, the height decreased by 3% to 4% anytime the cumulative dose exceeded 1 Gy.
· Mental Retardation
According to studies, the risk of mental retardation and microcephaly was highest between 8 and 15 weeks after conception, when the exposure took place. The anomalies were linked to improper neuronal development, most likely due to altered cellular differentiation, poor neuronal migration, and radiation-induced permanent cell injury. No cases of severe intellectual impairment were observed in newborns of survivors exposed before eight weeks or after 25 weeks post-conception. With a threshold of 0.12 Gy (120 mGy, 12 rads) at 8 to 15 weeks and 0.21 Gy (210 mGy, 21 rads) from 16 to 25 weeks, the risk became apparent as a linear function of the dose exposed.
· Miscarriage
A miscarriage can also result from radiation exposure while pregnant, and a baby in the womb dying before 20 weeks of pregnancy can be the same. Furthermore, the embryo may fail to implant. In addition, there are cataracts, congenital malformations, and central nervous system disorders.
Understanding the harmful effects of radiation on humans and the environment, thoughts to reduce time and effort must be emphasized, and focus must be laid on simple portable equipment.
